The sex offender registry has long been a system relied upon by the government to keep track of the residence and activities of sex offenders, including ones who have completed their court-ordered sentences. It is also a shield designed to protect the public; however, the shield could soon be weakened when at least 1,200 names disappear from the State of Maryland’s registry.
The list of sex offenders on Maryland’s sex offender registry will drastically shrink as a result of the June 2014 Maryland Court of Appeals ruling in Dep’t of Pub. Safety and Corr. Servs. v. Doe (“Doe II”). The case began in 2006 when John Doe, who is Robert Merle Haines Jr., pled guilty to and was convicted of one count of child sexual abuse. This conviction was based on the allegation that Doe, a teacher, inappropriately touched a thirteen-year-old student twenty-five years prior during 1983-84. The sex offender registry law in place during 2006 required Doe to register as a child sex offender; however, at the time of the offense, the sex offender registry did not exist and would not be created until about ten years later in 1995.
Doe came before the Court of Appeals in 2013 in Doe v. Dep’t of Pub. Safety & Corr. Servs. (“Doe I”) and argued that the “highly punitive and restrictive nature” of the retroactive application of Maryland’s sex offender registration law violates both the federal constitutional ban on ex post facto (after the fact) laws and both clauses of Article 17 of Maryland’s Declaration of Rights prohibiting ex post facto laws and restrictions. The Court of Appeals agreed, holding that the application of a law passed nearly twenty-five years after the commission of the crime is unconstitutional under Article 17 and in violation of an individual’s rights. Thus, Doe’s name was taken off the registry. The Court of Appeals did not go into an analysis of the federal law and “specifically excluded any analysis of the federal Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA)” because “federal obligations are not before [the court].”
The State re-opened the case in Doe II to argue that Doe should be placed back on the registry and to address the federal issue previously excluded in Doe I. This time around, the State argued that even though the ex post facto law was unconstitutional under Maryland’s Constitution, federal law still requires sex offenders to keep their names on the registry. Generally, Congress cannot order states to comply with a federal regulatory law such as SORNA, as it is merely a series of recommendations to states on how to implement a sex offender registry system, but it requires sex offenders to register with the state database. The Court of Appeals ultimately ruled that individual sex offenders have no independent federal obligation under SORNA to register if it would be contrary to state law, which was already found to be unconstitutional in Maryland when applied ex post facto.
As a result of the Doe II ruling, offenders not only have no obligation to register under federal law, but “notwithstanding any requirements imposed upon sex offenders by SORNA, where we have declared the retroactive application of Maryland’s sex offender registry to be unconstitutional, the State must remove [Doe’s] name from the registry.” In other words, corrections officials are now legally required to remove the names of all other offenders who also committed their crimes before 1995.
Many offenders are disappointed with Maryland State laws, which retroactively added hundreds of offenders to the registry and even extended the time some would spend listed. A Montgomery County man who was convicted in 2003 for a one-time sex-crime involving a minor who turned out to be an undercover officer was supposed to spend ten years on the registry, but the law added five more. A Washington County man had a similar experience and sued the State, resulting in a victory allowing his name to be pulled off the registry. Other offenders like him are using the Doe rulings as ammunition and fighting back. “It’s not okay to retroactively make changes and not understand the impact on individuals,” one offender states, adding that “offenders have served their time and accepted their punishment, only to have it change after the fact.”
What impact does this ruling have on the community? Well, not a good one and their reservations are reasonable. Rachel Perry, a young woman raped at the age of seventeen, is upset and scared that offenders could come off the registry in bulk. Perry added that the trauma she and other rape survivors endure sticks with them for a long time, much longer than any prison sentence or time on a registry and says, “[t]he rest of my life I’m a survivor of sexual violence . . . that’s not something that goes away.” Victim advocates are disappointed, as they see the registry as a useful tool to alert families of potential predators; however, the Maryland Coalition Against Sexual Assault (MCASA) says that only one in sixteen offenders is even prosecuted. MCASA reminds the public that the registry shouldn’t act as a safety blanket because “[m]ost sex offenders are not on the registry. What this decision does is it makes it even worse . . . this is a wake up call. We can’t rely on the registry,” adds Lisae Jordan, Executive Director of the Coalition.
What impact does this ruling have on practitioners? It depends. For prosecutors it may mean more lawsuits if the State does not remove the names from the registry automatically. Prosecutors may also experience conflict with victims who learn that their attackers slate will not be on the registry anymore. Defense attorneys will be sought after by registered sex offenders who seek to have their cases reopened and names removed. Jordan from MCASA says that the ruling means that Maryland will now need to look at other ways to track dangerous offenders. This Maryland ruling may affect prosecutors and defense attorneys in sister jurisdictions in the same manner. Offenders in those states who also committed their crimes before their state sex offender registry was created can now use the Doe ruling as persuasive authority to have their names removed from their state registries.
Right now, there are more than 8,000 names on the registry and the Court of Appeals ruling impacts almost 2,000 of those names. The Department of Corrections has already started the process of removing names, estimating near 900 names have been removed so far and expecting to reach 1,400 by the end of the year.
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